秸秆条带捡拾粉碎深埋装置设计与试验

针对东北黑土区保护性耕作秸秆还田条件下,地表秸秆量大导致免耕播种过程易雍堵、播种后地温提升慢等问题,提出了一种秸秆条带捡拾粉碎深埋方式,通过捡拾粉碎机构将地表部分秸秆捡拾粉碎,由罩壳处筛孔完成土秆筛分,集秆螺旋器进行秸秆的定向集运,最后经运秸风机实现秸秆输送深埋。本文对粉碎刀结构、排列方式和转速等关键参数进行确定,对粉碎刀轴的秸秆漏捡区域面积展开分析,通过理论分析和离散元单因素仿真试验明确了集秆螺旋器转速与其所受扭矩和秸秆运动速度之间的关系,初步确定了螺旋器转速为900~1100r/min,设计了开沟铲的结构参数,并利用离散元全因素仿真试验模拟了作业速度与开沟深度两因素间与表层土壤颗粒运动及开沟铲受力之间的关系,以作业速度、开沟深度和螺旋器转速为因素,秸秆深埋合格率为试验指标进行Box-Behnken试验。田间试验结果表明,当前进速度为3km/h、开沟深度为290mm、螺旋器转速为1000r/min时,其秸秆掩埋合格率为64.2%,其预测值约为67.4%,误差小于5%,满足设计需求。研究成果为东北黑土地保护性耕作推广提供了新的方案和技术支撑。     

东北黑土地玉米免少耕播种技术与机具研究进展

以秸秆覆盖还田和玉米免少耕播种为主要技术特征的保护性耕作技术是东北黑土地保护与利用的主要技术手段。本文综述了东北黑土区目前主要的玉米免少耕播种技术模式与配套机具,重点对比分析了秸秆覆盖还田条件下种床整备机具工作原理及其技术特点。在阐述现有玉米免少耕播种技术模式及配套装备存在主要问题的基础上,建议重点围绕种床整备、高速精量排种、智能电驱排种、播深智能控制、垄作免少耕播种、农机农艺融合等方面展开深入研究,以期为东北黑土地玉米免少耕播种技术与机具研究提供装备技术支撑。     

旋耕式大蒜播种机关键部件优化及性能试验

为了提高旋耕式大蒜播种机对新疆大蒜种植模式的适应性,依据新疆蒜种外形尺寸优化蒜种勺参数,提高取种单粒率,降低空穴率及重播率。选择机具性能的主要因素(机具作业速度、大蒜种子外形尺寸、鳞芽长度),采用单因素试验分析进行田间试验,分析不同参数对大蒜播种机正芽率、空穴率、重播率的影响,得出各因素影响程度,为后期机具优化提供理论依据。     

旋耕减阻降耗技术研究进展

我国是农业大国,农业发展关系到国计民生,而耕作是农业生产中的重要环节。随着我国农业机械化发展转型升级,耕作能耗过高,成为农业生产中必须面对的主要问题之一。旋耕作为一种应用广泛的耕作方式,开展旋耕减阻降耗技术研究,对我国农业可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。本文介绍了旋耕减阻降耗技术的研究要点,重点分析了国内外在旋耕刀辊结构优化、仿生减阻、振动减阻和农机农艺结合四个方面的研究进展,指出了旋耕减阻降耗技术发展中存在的问题。基于对国内外研究现状的分析,本文建议进一步完善我国旋耕刀设计理论体系,增强模拟试验和实际试验的相互印证,开发应用于旋耕刀微观受力及变形检测的仪器和测试平台,揭示旋耕刀—土壤互作机理,从而为我国旋耕减阻技术高质高效的发展奠定完善的理论基础和研究条件。     

基于感知价值的东北黑土区农户保护性耕作技术采用行为

为破解保护性耕作技术推广困局,本研究基于感知价值理论构建了农户保护性耕作技术采用行为模型,并运用结构方程模型对黑龙江省典型黑土区的733份农户调研数据展开实证研究。结果表明:农户保护性耕作技术采用感知价值是感知利益和感知风险权衡的结果,感知利益和感知风险对感知价值分别有正向和负向影响;感知利益和风险由多个维度构成,各维度感知利益和风险对总体感知利益和风险的影响程度分别为:感知经济利益感知生态利益感知社会利益;感知技术风险感知经济风险感知情境风险;感知利益、感知风险、感知价值与技术采用意愿和行为存在直接和间接的影响关系,感知利益对感知价值和技术采用意愿的影响感知风险对二者的影响,但感知风险对感知行为的影响感知利益对其的影响。鉴于此,从提升农户保护性耕作技术采用利益感知和降低风险感知的角度提出建议,引导东北黑土区农户采用保护性耕作技术。     

滨海地区不同耕作方式对土壤水分及夏玉米生长发育的影响

针对河北省滨海地区夏玉米地土壤耕层变浅、病虫草害严重的问题,以当地习惯的耕作方式免耕作对照,设置深翻30 cm后旋耕(T1)、深松40 cm后旋耕(T2)、旋耕(T3)3种耕作方式,分析各处理对土壤水分及夏玉米生长发育的影响。结果表明,T1或T2处理均提高了土壤耕层含水量,其中以深松40 cm后旋耕保墒效果最佳;T1或T2处理均增大了玉米叶面积指数、穗长、穗粒数、千粒质量和产量,降低了空秆率,其中以播前深松40 cm后旋耕效果最佳。选用的3种耕作措施中,播前先深松40 cm再翻耕的耕作方式最适宜该地区。     

蹄耕法改良山地退化草地技术应用研究

采用人工撒播、羊喂播,牛、羊背播等方法结合家畜放牧蹄耕技术,在新疆坡度较大无法进行机械作业的山地退化草地进行补播改良,试验结果表明:放牧蹄耕法技术改良最适宜的草地类型为山地草甸草原。最佳补播时期为早春播种,最适合牧草品种为红豆草;最好的补播方法为人工撒播,最适宜坡度为20°为好。通过蹄耕法改良后,草地植被覆盖度在原有的基础上最高提高了35%,优质牧草比重增加了25%,鲜草产量提高了3~4倍。     

Changes in soil organic carbon in a clay loam soil following ploughing and reseeding of permanent grassland under temperate moist climatic conditions

This study investigated changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) in a poorly drained clay loam soil under (i) permanent grassland (PG) over 7 years and (ii) after PG renovation over 2·5 years. The experimental area was divided into four blocks with four paddocks per block. Composite soil samples from each PG block were taken to 30‐cm depth on five occasions between 2004 and 2011. In June 2008, one paddock per block was renovated by ploughing and reseeding and sampled as above on the latter four occasions. Renovation decreased SOC (P < 0·05) by 32·2 t ha^?1 in the 2·5 years following ploughing; the difference developed almost entirely (86%) in the first four months. Renovation had no effect on above‐ground productivity, standing root and stubble phytomass or on dissolved organic matter leaching. Therefore, soil respiration was considered to be a single potential pathway responsible for the SOC loss from renovated grassland. Although a simple linear regression indicated a tendency for PG to accumulate SOC, there was no evidence of recovery in SOC to previous levels following renovation during the study period. These results could have implications for greenhouse gas inventories in countries where PG is an important land‐use type.     

Effects of crop establishment techniques on weeds and rice yield

Field and pot studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of seven rice establishment techniques {puddling transplanting (PT), no tillage transplanting (NTT), puddling drum wet seeding (PDWS), no tillage drum wet seeding (NTDWS), conventional tillage dry drilling (CTDD), furrow irrigated raised beds system dry drilling (FIRBSDD), and no-tillage dry-drilling (NTDD)} and water submergence stress on weeds and rice yield. The highest yield and least weed abundance were in the PT treatment. The direct seeded rice (DSR), both dry and wet exhibited severe weed infestation, and compared to transplanting showed reduced yield both in the presence and absence of weeds. The yield losses due to weeds in the DSR treatments ranged from 91.4 to 99.0%, compared to 16.0 and 42.0% in the transplanting treatments (PT and NTT). Weeds, including Cyperus rotundus L., Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd., Digera arvensis Forsk., Phyllanthus niruri L., and Trianthema portulacastrum L. which were found in the un-puddled DSR treatments were absent in the puddled plots, particularly the PT treatments. In pot studies, continuous water-submergence (2.5 cm) for 20 days reduced the emergence of C. rotundus, D. aegyptium, T. portulacastrum, and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. by 99.4, 100, 100, and 24.4%, respectively, compared to alternate wetting–drying. In farmer's field studies, when compared to the PT treatments, the DSR treatments exhibited lower yields (15.8%) with coarse varieties (HKR-47 & IR-64), but fine cultivars (Sharbati & PB-1) exhibited similar yields under both systems. In view of the shortage of labour for manual transplanting, there is a need to develop suitable cultivars for aerobic system conditions (unpuddled DSR and NT machine-transplanting).     

轮耕对冬小麦田土壤酶活性时空变化的影响

为了解轮耕对土壤酶活性的影响,采用田间定位试验,比较和分析了秸秆还田和不还田条件下,连续3年常规耕作(3C)、1年深翻+2年常规耕作(DP2C)、2年深翻+1年常规耕作(2DPC)和连续3年深翻(3DP)处理的冬小麦田土壤酶活性时空变化特点。结果表明,秸秆还田和深翻均可提高0~40cm土层土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,其中秸秆还田后平均增幅分别为24.92%、9.20%、6.66%和11.04%,经深翻处理后平均增幅分别为5.33%、6.26%、2.02%和3.43%。随着土层深度增加,各处理土壤酶活性逐渐降低,2DPC和3DP处理相对3C处理20~40cm土层4种土壤酶活性降低幅度较小。秸秆还田配合2DPC、3DP土壤耕作处理不仅能提高酶活性,也有利于酶在土壤中均匀分布。